2022/01/25

專題研究概述與導論：暗黑觀光

在「暗黑的旅遊」一書中寫道，從許多資料中可以清楚地看出，遊客對關於死亡，災難和歷史上酷刑的旅遊在二十世紀後期和二十一世紀初是一種越來越普遍的現象，理論家們都注意到並試圖了解它。

（Lennon＆Foley，2010年）「暗黑觀光」一詞在最近幾年是一個新興詞彙，然而，它其實早已存在在我們的旅遊型態之中。藉由網路和智慧手機的普及，它轉變成更眾所周知的現象。二十一世紀學者從社會大眾需求和供給的角度對暗黑觀光的研究和分析產生了新的興趣。這是一種新的旅遊趨勢。暗黑旅遊的定義或多或少與死亡，悲劇，災難和苦難相關；但是吸引遊客前往暗黑旅遊勝地的主要原因還在於其歷史，文化和教育價值，而不僅僅是暗黑聯想。舉例來說，像美國911博物館、德國納粹集中營歷史博物館、車諾比核災現場、捷克人骨教堂、義大利龐貝城、埃及金字塔以及木乃伊、德國柏林猶太人紀念碑、日本自殺森林、巴黎郊區名人墓園、越南戰爭古道、歷史廢墟等等皆是暗黑觀光範疇。

In the book ‘Dark tourism’ is written that, it is clear from a number of sources that tourist interest in recent death, disaster and atrocity is a growing phenomenon in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and that theorists have both noticed and attempted to understand it. (Lennon & Foley, 2010) The term ‘Dark tourism’ is a new word in recent years; however, it has transformed into a better-known phenomenon, newly emerging interest among scholars in researching and analyzing in twenty-first century from both a demand and supply perspective. It is a new tourism trend. The definition of dark tourism is more or less associated with dead, tragedy, disasters and suffering; but the main draw to dark tourism locations is also mostly due to their historical, cultural and educational value not only the dark associations. With modern social media, more and more dark tourism destinations are exposed to the world and increased tourists’ alternative interests and visit motives, it is not a morbid habit, it simply just out of the curiosity of a human being, human crave for the new, never-seen-before things or places with historical and educational input.

借助現代社交媒體，越來越多的暗黑旅遊目的地在世界各地曝光，並且遊客的替代興趣和訪問動機不斷增加，這不是一種病態習慣，它僅僅是出於人類的好奇心，人類渴望新事物和具有歷史和教育意義的從未見過的事物或地方。暗黑旅遊目的地的圖片會影響拍攝過的人，然後再觀看這些照片，這將有助於使旅程的這一部分對理解暗黑旅遊具有重要意義。直到1990年代，「暗黑觀光」一詞才開始用於此類旅行，並且人們對此類景點也有了更多的考慮。（Bathory，2018年）暗黑旅遊並不是遊客的常見類別，直到十九世紀九十年代，受過教育的人數一直在增加;人們開始對未知事物進行研究，對獨特性感到好奇，發現新的地方，並試圖成為旅遊目的地方面的先驅。因此，暗黑旅遊成為旅行的熱門主題。暗黑旅遊的好奇心和需求可能因不同的人和思維方式而異，但顯然，其推動因素和吸引力顯然越來越明顯。重要的是要了解暗黑旅遊目的地背後的歷史背景，以及我們通過參觀它們可以學到什麼；暗黑旅遊與文化和教育息息相關，比我們想像的要緊密。

Considering the influence, the pictures of dark tourism destination have on those that have taken them and then those that view them will help to expose this part of the journey as significant in the understanding of dark tourism. It was only in the 1990s that term ‘dark tourism’ began to be used for this kind of travel and there was more consideration of such sites. (Bathory, 2018) Dark tourism was not an usual category for tourists, until nineteen ninety, the number of educated people has been increasing; people started to do research for the unknown, curious about the uniqueness, discover new places, and try to be the pioneer in terms of tourism destination; therefore, dark tourism becomes a popular theme for traveling. The curiosity and demand for dark tourism might differ among different people and mindset but certainly the push factor and attractiveness of it is obviously more and more visible. It is important to understand the historical background behind dark tourism destination and what we can learn by visiting them; dark tourism is tightly linked with culture and education, tighter than we thought.

我選擇在巴黎的地下墓穴“ Les Catacombes de Paris”作為此研究的案例研究目的地有很多重要原因。法國巴黎地下墓穴是世界上最大的骨庫，每年吸引超過55萬遊客。它的規模在所有其他暗黑旅遊目的地中最為令人震懾，而其營銷方法，管理和可持續性非常值得研究。在1809年赫里卡特·德·瑟裡（Héricart de Thury）的管理下，該建築進行了廣泛的裝飾重新佈置，此建築隨後以博物館和紀念性建築的理念進行了改建，以吸引遊客。令人驚訝的是，大多數台灣遊客都不知道巴黎這個受歡迎的暗黑旅遊目的地。台灣遊客被認為是其他亞洲遊客中態度最開放的遊客族群，但是，台灣遊客傾向於去巴黎尋找那些熱門擁擠的觀光景點，但對巴黎地下墓穴一無所知。

Chosen “Les Catacombes de Paris” to be the case study destination for this research has many significant reasons. Les Catacombes de Paris is the biggest ossuary in the world, attracted more than 550000 visitors a year. (Les Catacombes de Paris, 2018) The scope of Les Catacombes de Paris is most impressive among all the other dark tourism destinations, for the marketing method, management and sustainability of it are very interesting to be researched. Before being opened to the public in 1809, it underwent an extensive decorative rearrangement under the auspices of Inspector Héricart de Thury, who transformed the site using a museographical and monumental approach in order to attract visitors. (Les Catacombes de Paris, 2018) Surprisingly, most of the Taiwanese tourists do not aware of this popular dark tourism destination in Paris. Taiwanese tourists are considered the most open-minded tourists among other Asian tourists, however, Taiwanese tourists tend to go to Paris for those hot-spot attractions but have no idea about Les Catacombes de Paris just under their feet in Paris.

例如，巴黎聖母院是世界上訪客量最多的教堂，其建築的石取材於巴黎古老的採石場，也就是如今的巴黎地下墓穴，但似乎沒有人知道這一事實，它被人們遺忘了。甚至對於那些尋求刺激的人來說，它都可以被看作是一個恐怖有趣的主題公園，但巴黎地下墓穴的歷史和教育價值遠不止於此。如果台灣遊客不知道，他們就不會對這個暗黑的旅遊目的地產生興趣，欣賞和學習其中的歷史知識。在台灣的社交媒體上，沒有官方網站向台灣遊客介紹巴黎地下墓穴，儘管該官方網站有只有一頁簡體中文版本簡單介紹，並無深層的歷史背景的註解。這對台灣人，香港和新加坡遊客卻不怎麼吸引。總而言之，官方網站沒有為台灣遊客提供足夠的資訊。

For instance, Notre Dame de Paris, the most visited cathedral in the world, its stone of the architecture was taken from the former mine, so as nowadays- Les Catacombes de Paris. Seems like no one knows about this fact and Les Catacombes de Paris is forgotten in this sector; even be considered like a horror-fun theme park for those who seek the excitement, Les Catacombes de Paris’s historical and educational value is more beyond this. If Taiwanese tourists do aware, they do not have the interest, appreciation, and general knowledge about this dark tourism destination. On social media in Taiwan, there’s no official website which introduces Les Catacombes de Paris to Taiwanese tourists, even though it has simplified Chinese version on their official website, not traditional Chinese version which would be more useful to Taiwanese, Hong Kong and Singapore visitors. Yet overall, the official website does not have enough information to Taiwanese tourists.

原因可能多種多樣：暗黑觀光在台灣還不是一個熟悉的術語，台灣人的行為和對暗黑旅遊旅行的看法值得研究。因為台灣是亞洲相對文化最開放的國家，台灣護照也十分好用，可以暢行世界許多國家。台灣人普遍性地接受世界上討論最多的不同文化問題，例如：LGBT平等權利和同性婚姻於2019年通過。為了了解文化差異確實會影響暗黑旅遊目的地的營銷，我進行更深入的研究並使用我最熟悉的暗黑旅遊目的地作為案例研究。本文的重點是針對巴黎的地下墓穴地區的台灣遊客提供暗黑旅遊目的地的潛在文化和教育途徑。將介紹通過向台灣遊客展示巴黎地下墓穴和暗黑旅遊的前景的不同方法。通過設計問卷和幾次訪談，將了解台灣遊客的思想和當場遊客的有益經驗探討。為了更深入地了解不同文化的遊客的心態，他們還將提供他們期望的場所。我也將著重介紹對台灣遊客的文化和教育方式，對於遊客及其下一代來說，是否值得重新審視。另一個重點是為可能的解決方案和潛在行業提供建議，以便從巴黎的地下墓穴向其他文化目標群體投入更多的精力。

The reason of it could be various: Dark tourism is not yet a familiar term in Taiwan and Taiwanese people’s behavior and perspective toward dark tourism traveling is interesting to research; since Taiwan is a relatively the most cultural open-minded country in Asia. Taiwanese, wildly accepts the acceptance of different most-discussed cultural issues in the world, for example: LGBT equality rights and same sex marriage passed in 2019. In order to understand that does the culture difference really affect a dark tourism destination’s marketing, I have to do deeper research and use a dark tourism destination where I’m most familiar to be my case study. The thesis focuses on the potential cultural and educational approach of a dark tourism destination towards Taiwanese tourists in Les Catacombes de Paris. As for the result, different approaches by exposing Les catacombs de Paris for Taiwanese tourists and perspective for dark tourism will be presented. By designing a questionnaire and several Interviews, the thoughts of the Taiwanese tourists and informative lessons learned by the tourists on the spot will be understood. In order to obtain a closer look into the mindset of different culture visitors and what they expect the place to offer them will also be provided in this thesis. I will emphasize on the cultural and educational approach to Taiwanese tourists and is it worth revisiting for the visitor and their next generation. Another focus is to recommend the possible solutions and the potential sector to put more effort in from Les Catacombes de Paris to a different culture target group.

最後，我希望像巴黎地下墓穴這樣的暗黑旅遊勝地的蓬勃發展趨勢能夠喚醒人們的生活價值，提高台灣遊客在巴黎進行更深入的文化，教育和歷史旅遊的意識。對於台灣遊客來說，旅行的動機可能會更加多樣化和富有創意，以寄予厚望。通過進行這項研究，進行問卷調查，採訪並結合所有數據，我希望台灣的暗黑遊客可以進一步了解巴黎地下墓穴，通過訪問暗黑觀光目的地獲得更多的人生知識、生死課題，這不僅是出於刺激或樂趣，也是為了豐富自己成為世界公民的視野。身為暗黑觀光的研究者，我也期望暗黑觀光能為永續觀光帶來一線新的曙光。最後，這份研究希望還可以對於巴黎地下墓穴的暗黑旅遊業中的決策提出一點貢獻。

Lastly, I hope the flourishing tendency of dark tourism destination like Les catacombs de Paris can awaken people’s value of life, rise the awareness of a deeper cultural, educational and historical travel for Taiwanese tourists in Paris. To Taiwanese tourists, the motivation of the traveling could be more various and creative, to boarder the horizon. By doing this research, conducting the questionnaire, interview and combining all the data, I hope Taiwanese dark tourists can get to know more about Les Catacombes de Paris, retrieve more knowledge by visiting dark tourism destination, it is not just for the thrill or fun, it is also for enrich one’s perspective for being a world citizen. Last but not least, for the decision/policy maker in the dark tourism industry in Les Catacombes de Paris can improve the different cultural marketing framework for the business.